English Vocab 3 By Anoop Verma Sir

1. Speculation (noun): To form an opinion despite a lack of information or evidence/the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence.(अटकलबाज़ी/परिकल्पना)
  • Synonyms:  Conjecture, Theorizing, Hypothesizing, Supposition, Guesswork, Thought.
  • Antonyms: Reality, Truth, Knowledge, Proof, Fact.
Example: Since I do not know Jim and Karen, I cannot speculate on the reasons behind their divorce.
Verb forms: Speculate, Speculated, Speculated.
Related words:
 Speculate (verb) - अनुमान लगाना/विचार करना

2. Apex (adjective): The highest point of achievement/ the top or highest part of something.  (शीर्ष/सर्वोच्च)
  • Synonyms: Culmination, Apotheosis, Peak, Summit, Pinnacle, Top.
  • Antonyms: Base, Bottom, Nadir.
Example: At the apex of our country sits the president of our nation.

3. Replenish (verb):  Fill (something) up again. / restore (a stock or supply) to a former level or condition. (पुन: पूर्ति करना/फिर से भरना)
  • Synonyms: Refill, Top Up, Fill Up, Recharge, Reload, Restock, Restore, Fill Up.
  • Antonyms: Damage, Deplete, Use Up, Waste.
Example: There was no food in the refrigerator, so I had to visit the grocery store to replenish our supply.
Verb forms: Replenish, Replenished, Replenished.
Related words:
Replenishment (noun) – फिर से भरना

4. Mayhem (noun): Violent or extreme disorder. (खलबली/अशांति)
  • Synonyms: Chaos, Disorder, Confusion, Havoc, Bedlam, Pandemonium, Tumult, Uproar, Turmoil.
  • Antonyms: Calm, Peace, Harmony.
Example: A criminal who escaped from prison and caused mayhem in the city.

5. Formidable (adjective): Inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable.  (दुर्जेय)
  • Synonyms: Impregnable, Daunting, Impenetrable, Invulnerable, Unassailable.
  • Antonyms: Feeble, Powerless, Weak.
Example: With Kevin's formidable speaking skills, he will beat everyone in the speech contest.
Related words:
Formidably (adverb) -  दुर्जेय रूप से
6. Affiliation (noun): The involvement or connection that somebody (having a religious or political organization) (सम्बन्ध/जुड़ाव)
  • Synonyms: Association, Attachment, Bonding, Tie-Up, Alliance, Amalgamation.
  • Antonyms: Detachment, Dissolution, Disunion, Separation.
Example: He gang requires all members to tattoo their necks with slogans, which proclaims their affiliation loudly and clearly.
Verb forms: Affiliate, Affiliated, Affiliated.
Related words:
Affiliate (verb) – सम्बन्ध होना

7. Prudent (adjective): Acting with or showing care and thought for the future. (बुद्धिमान/विवेकी)
  • Synonyms: Wise, Judicious, Sagacious, Shrewd. Discreet.
  • Antonyms: careless, Foolish, Incautious, Indiscreet, Imprudent.
Example: Since so many car accidents have happened at that intersection, it would be prudent for the city to put a stop sign in the area.
Related words:
Prudence (noun) – बुद्धिमानी

8. Defy (verb): Appear to be challenging/ openly resist or refuse to obey. (अवहेलना करना) 
  • Synonyms: Challenge, Dare, Confront, Repugn, disobey, Ignore.
  • Antonyms: Surrender, Give Up, Hide, Follow, Obey.
Example: The soldier was imprisoned for defying an order to shoot the enemy captives.
Verb forms: Verb forms: Defy, Defied, Defied.
Related words:
Defiance (noun) – अवहेलना

9. Coercive (adjective): Characterized by someone do something by using force or threats.  (बलपूर्वक/प्रतिरोधी)
  • Synonyms: Pressured, Forced, Suppressive, Constraining. 
  • Antonyms: Free, Liberated, Assisted, Helpful, Aiding.
Example: When the mob guys wanted the property, they tried to coerce the owners into signing over the deed.
Verb forms: Coerce, Coerced, Coerced.
Related words:
Coerce (verb) - बाध्य करना
Coercion (noun) – ज़बरदस्ती/दबाव
Coercible (adjective) - विवश किया हुआ

10. Incomprehensible (adjective): Not able to be understood; not intelligible. (समझ से बाहर)
  • Synonyms: Unintelligible, Indecipherable, baffeling, Mystifying, Unfathomable, Inarticulate.
  • Antonyms: Clear, Comprehensible, Fathomable, Imaginable, Intelligible, Understandable.
Example: The economy speech was incomprehensible for college students.
Verb forms: Comprehend, Comprehended, Comprehended.
Related words:
Comprehend (verb) – समझना
Comprehensibility (noun) - समझ आने की योग्यता

11. Avowed (adjective): That has been asserted, admitted, or stated publicly. (स्वीकृत) 
  • Synonyms: Professed, Accepted, Acknowledged, Admitted, Affirmed.
  • Antonyms: refused, Denied.
Example: After losing four matches in five match series, the captain avowed series defeat of his team.
Verb forms: Avow, Avowed, Avowed.
Related words:
Avow (verb) – स्वीकार करना
Avowedly (adverb) - स्पष्ट रूप से

12. Sovereign (adjective): Possessing supreme or ultimate power. (प्रधान/मुख्य) 
  • Synonyms: Supreme, Absolute, Ultimate, Unconditional, Full, Paramount, Chief, Principal, Ruling.
  • Antonyms: Minor, Secondary, Subordinate, Unimportant, Inferior.
Example: While a few people believe Mexico is a part of the United States, it is actually a sovereign country with its own government.
Related words:
Sovereignty (noun) - प्रधानता

13. Splinter (verb): Break or cause to break into small fragments. (अलग करना/तोडना)
  • Synonyms: Shatter, Smash, Split, Crack, Disintegrate.
  • Antonyms: Unite, Combine, Integrate, Join.
Example: A political party that has been splintered by disagreements, now contesting elections against each other.
Verb forms: Splinter, Splintered, Splintered.

14. Defection (adjective): Withdrawing support or help despite allegiance or responsibility. (दल बदल करना/उल्लंघन/कर्तव्य छोड़कर भागना)  
  • Synonyms: Abandonment, Desertion, Apostasy, Renunciation.
  • Antonyms: Faithfulness, Joining, Continuation.
Example: His defection from the Labor Party proved out to be fruitful, as the new party he joined won the election.

15. Nascent (adjective): Just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential. (शुरुआती स्तर पर/नया)
  • Synonyms: Burgeoning, Fledgling, Growing, Incipient, Beginning, Blossoming, Germinating.
  • Antonyms: Dying, Shrinking.
Example: Although our nonprofit organization is nascent, we have already raised over a half a million dollars in four months.
Related words:
Nascence (noun) - नयापन
16. Kinship (noun): The state of being related to the people in your family/ a feeling of being close or connected to other people. (घनिष्‍टता/सम्‍बन्‍ध/नाता)
  • Synonyms: Relationship, Relatedness, Affinity, Sympathy, Kindred, Rapport.
  • Antonyms: Hatred, Dislike, Acrimony, Animosity, Hostility.
Example: There is kinship among all human beings, which is very necessary for the survival of humanity.

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