English Vocab 39 By Anoop Verma Sir

1. Comprehensive (adjective):  Including or dealing with all or nearly all elements or aspects of something. (व्यापक/विस्तृत)

Synonyms: Broad, Extensive, Complete, Thorough, All-Inclusive.

Antonyms: Limited, Narrow, Short, Restricted, Incomprehensive.

Example: After travelling in southern India for years, he finally put his experiences and knowledge to good use by writing a comprehensive guide to life in the region.

Verb forms: Comprehend, Comprehended, Comprehended.

Related words:

Comprehend (verb) - समाविष्ट करना

Comprehensively (adverb) - विस्तार से

2. Obduracy (noun): The quality or state of being obdurate (stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action.) (ज़िद/हठ)  

Synonyms: Adamancy, Firmness, Determination, Intransigence, Pertinacity.

Antonyms: Indefiniteness, Infirmity, Instability.

Example: Despite the defendant’s apology, the judge was obdurate and gave him a thirty-year sentence.

Related words:

Obdurate (adjective)- हठी

3. Progenitor (noun): A person who originates a cultural or intellectual movement. (अग्रगामी/जनक)  

Synonyms: Originator, Founder, Instigator, Source.

Antonyms: Descendant, Follower.

Example: Some scientists suggest that because we share similar DNA, the human’s closest progenitor is chimpanzee.

4. Sovereignty (noun):  Supreme power or authority. (प्रधानता)  

Synonyms: Dominance, Preeminence, Primacy, Supremacy.

Antonyms: Limited, Restricted, Minor, Secondary, Subordinate.

Example: Once I reach legal age, I will be a sovereign individual and will have control over my own life.

Related Words:

Sovereign (noun) - सर्व-श्रेष्ठ

5. Protagonist (noun): An advocate of a particular cause or idea./ the leading character of something that is considered as important.  (अग्रणी/मुख्यव्यक्ति/समर्थक)  

Synonyms: Exponent, Advocate, Lead, Hero, Mainstay.

Antonyms: Antagonist, Adversary, Opponent.

Example: In the short story, the protagonist must finally stand up to the bullies who torment him.

Related words:

Protagonism (noun) - the state, character, or activity of a protagonist.

6. Advent (noun): The arrival of a notable person or thing.  (आगमन)

Synonyms: Arrival, Appearance, Emergence, Occurrence, Dawn, Origin, Rise.

Antonyms: Departure, Leaving, End.

Example: The advent of drones is set to usher in a whole new era for photography.

Related words:

Adventitious (adjective) - आगन्तुक

7. Punitive (adjective): Inflicting or intended as punishment.   (दण्डात्मक)  

Synonyms:  Punishing, Penal.

Antonyms:  Beneficial, Rewarding.

Example: The University is taking punitive actions against the football player who failed his drug test.

Related words:

Impunity (noun) - दण्ड मुक्ति

Punitively (adverb) - दण्डात्मक रूप से

8. Overture (noun): An introduction to something more substantial. (प्रस्ताव)  

Synonyms: Preliminary, Prelude, Introduction, Precursor, Forerunner, Herald.

Antonyms: Conclusion, Ending, Epilogue, Finish.

Example: Wanting to add a new song to their repertoire, the violinist studied an overture.

9. Disparity (noun): The quality or state of being different. (असमता/असमानता)  

Synonyms: Discrepancy, Imbalance, Inequality, Unevenness, Dissimilarity.

Antonyms: Parity, Similarity, Equality.

Example: An enormous disparity in the lives of the rich and the poor in India can easily be seen.

Verb forms: Disparage, Disparaged, Disparaged.

Related words:

Disparage (verb) - उपेक्षा करना

10. Sinew (verb): To strengthen.  (मजबूत करना)  

Synonyms: Bolster, Invigorate, Sustain, Toughen.

Antonyms: Weaken, Diminish.

Example: Recent scientific studies have identified natural extracts which can help sinew the body's immune system.

11. Tentative (adjective): Not certain or fixed; provisional. (अनिश्चित)

Synonyms: Provisional, Unconfirmed, Unsettled, Indefinite,

Antonyms: Certain, Conclusive, Decisive, Definite, Final.

Example: The employees were not happy when they learned their pay raises were tentative and could be cancelled at any moment.

Related words:

Tentatively (adverb) - अस्थायी तौर से

12. Bolster (verb): Support or strengthen for bettering something.   (सहारा देना/सँभालना)  

Synonyms: Strengthen, Support, Reinforce, Make Stronger, Boost, Fortify.

Antonyms: Block, Halt, Hinder, Obstruct.

Example: Free tickets were given away to bolster attendance at the game.

Verb forms: Bolster, Bolstered, Bolstered.

13. Contiguous (adjective): Sharing a common border; touching. (सटा हुआ/समीपस्थ)  

Synonyms: Adjacent, Neighbouring, Adjoining, Bordering.

Antonyms: Divided, Separated.

Example: The escaped prisoner found it easy to cross the border of the two contiguous states.

14. Delineation (noun): The action of describing or portraying something precisely/ the action of indicating the exact position of a border or boundary. (चित्रांकन/आकार)  

Synonyms: Portrayal, Description, Depiction, Representation, Picture, Portrait.

Example: Using an electron microscope, a scientist can clearly delineate the parts of a plant cell.

Verb forms: Delineate, Delineated, Delineated.

Related words:

Delineate (verb) - चित्रित करना

15. Hinder (verb): Make it difficult for (someone) to do something or for (something) to happen/  to make difficult to accomplish. (बाधा पहुंचाना)

Synonyms: Obstruct, Impede, Inhibit, Retard, Thwart.

Antonyms: Aid, Allow, Assist, Encourage, Expedite, Facilitate.

Example: Tight, restrictive clothing will work to hinder your athletic performance.

Verb forms: Hinder, Hindered, Hindered.

Related words:

Hindrance (noun) – अवरोध